SCB 202

Course Coordinator: Professor J. McPhee

Spring I 2003

Fundamentals of Biology II SCB 202

Course Coordinator: Professor J. McPhee Spring I 2003

Laboratory:

Fundamentals of Biology II SCB 202

Course Coordinator: Professor McPhee Spring I 2003

Laboratory Text: Biology in the Laboratory: 3rd Edition, 1998; Helms, Helms, Kosinski, Cummings: WH Freeman and Company, New York, NY

Photo Atlas for Biology: 1st Edition, 1996; Perry and Morton; Wadsworth Publishing Co., Belmont, CA

Note: The Laboratory Manual, Atlas and Dissection Kit must be purchased and brought to each laboratory session. Students should read laboratory exercise prior to entering laboratory. No eating, drinking or smoking in lab.

The lecture text is to be brought to lab on those days marked by an asterisk (*).

Laboratory attendance is mandatory. Excessive absences will be deducted from final grade. Completion of Laboratory Reports and individual effort in the laboratory will be considered in the laboratory portion of the final grade.

Fundamentals of Biology II SCB 202

Course Coordinator: Professor McPhee Spring I 2003

Attendance: Students are strongly encouraged to attend all lecture sessions. Text study alone is insufficient since many topics may be augmented or additional topics may be covered in lecture. Students are required to take all exams and no make-up quizzes will be given. Laboratory attendance is mandatory.

a. Compare and contrast the characteristics of Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya.

b. Define capsule, glycocalyx, mesosome, spore, plasmid, aerobe, obligatory and facultative anaerobe, autotroph, heterotroph, saprobe, photo and chemoautotrophy, decomposer, pathogen.

c. Describe the characteristics of prokaryotic cells, Archaea, Eubacteria, actinomycetes, spirochetes, cyanobacteria.

d. Describe the importance of bacteria to the environment, food and disease.

e. List Koch's postulates and describe how they are used to identify a pathogen.

f. Define methanogen, halophile, and thermophile.

a. Describe the structure and composition of viruses, viroids and prions.

b. List the ways in which they differ from living organisms.

c. Viral reproduction: lytic cycle; lysogenic cycle; RNA reverse transcriptase.

d. List several plant, animal and human diseases caused by viruses.

a. Describe the distinctive characteristics of the Kingdom Protista and the

Phyla within it.

b. Describe the means by which the protists carry out their 'basic functions'.

d. Outline the steps in the evolution of multicellularity.

a. Describe the major characteristics of the Kingdom Fungi and explain why it was necessary to create a separate Kingdom for them.

b. List the 7 divisions within the fungi and describe their distinguishing characteristics.

c. Define hypha, mycelium, haustorium, spore, sporangium, ascus, basidium, fruiting body.

e. Discuss the ecological, economical, and health importance of the fungi.

b. Define sexual and asexual reproduction, spore, gamete, zygote, haploid, diploid, fertilization, and zoospore.

c. Define the terms vascular and avascular plant.

a. Explain the reproductive cycle referred to as alternation of generations and how it relates to plant evolution.

b. List the problems encountered by plants as they moved onto the land and describe the adaptations they evolved to overcome them.

c. Describe the characteristics and life histories of the mosses, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms.

d. Correctly identify any embyrophyte as a sporophyte or gametophyte, and explain the increasing dominance of the sporophyte during the evolution of vascular plants.

a. Explain how meristem cells are responsible for plant growth.

b. Name the different plant tissue types and describe the function of each.

c. List the tissues found in a plant leaf and describe how each one contributes to leaf function.

d. Describe how a plant transpires.

e. Describe the difference in dicot and monocot stem structure.

f. List the tissues found in a plant stem and describe how each one contributes to stem function.

g. Define the terms xylem and phloem.

h. Describe the differences between a herbaceous and woody stem.

i. Define the terms cambium, pith, cork, lenticel, axillary and apical bud.

a. Define the term 'water potential' and how it relates to plant transport.

b. Describe some of the theories that attempt to explain how water is transported in a plant.

c. Describe how the plant is able to supply nutrients to its separate parts.

d. Describe what is meant by the Pressure-Flow Hypothesis of phloem.

a. List the tissues found in a plant root and describe how each one contributes to root function.

b. Define "plant nutrition" and list the types of nutrients needed by plants.

c. Describe how the plant is able to obtain minerals for its metabolism.

d. Describe how the plant is able to obtain water for its metabolism.

e. Describe some of the ways plants have adapted to nutritionally poor environments.

b. Describe the role of phytochrome in the ability of plants to measure light.

c. Describe the role of NPH1 in phototropism.

a. Describe how plant hormones regulate plant growth and development.

b. Describe the function of auxin, gibberilin, cytokinins, ethylene and abscisic acid.

c. Describe the stages in the life cycle of the plant from germination to senescence and how each stage is controlled.

a. Contrast the benefits of sexual vs. asexual reproduction in the plant.

b. Describe what is meant by the plant life cycle and the 'alternation of generations'.

c. List the benefits of flowers over other organs of reproduction.

d. Describe some of the mechanisms that flowers use for fertilization.

a. Describe the process of embryogenesis in the angiosperm.

b. List the three tissue types found in seeds and the function of each.

c. Describe some of the mechanisms that results in seed dormancy.

b. Define what is meant by protostome and deuterostome and its evolutionary significance.

c. Describe coelom, acoelomate, pseudocoelom and explain the evolutionary importance of the coelom.

d. Trace the evolutionary pathway of the different organisms belonging to the animal kingdom.

a. Explain the adaptive advantages and trace the evolutionary pathway of the following characteristics: radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry, cephalization, mobile stages and sessile stages of life history.

b. List and contrast the Kingdom Animalia with the other 4 Kingdoms.

c. List the characteristics of the 6 lower invertebrate Phyla (Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Rotifera).

d. Define invertebrate, plankton, zooplankton, sessile, motile, larva, filter feeder, hermaphroditic, gonad, gastrovascular cavity, pharynx.

a. Name the four types of animal tissue and the function of each.

b. Describe how surface area and volume related to each other in the animal body.

c. Define what is meant by the term allometry.

d. Compare and contrast the thermoregulatory mechanisms of ectothermy and endothermy.

a. Define what is meant by osmolarity and how it relates to osmotic stress.

b. Describe some of the osmoregulatory mechanisms used by animals.

c. Describe how the shark rectal gland can secrete excess salt.

a. Describe some of the wastes excreted by animals and their properties.

b. Draw and describe the function of the Malpighian tubules.

c. Compare and contrast the urinary system of a mammal and that of an insect.

d. Draw and describe the function of the human urinary system.

e. Define what is meant by the term 'osmotic gradient' and how it is established in the mammalian urinary system.

a. Name the major macronutrients and micronutrients and list the general function of each class.

b. Explain the selective advantages of the various digestive adaptations found in the animal kingdom.

c. List the parts of the human digestive tract in order and state what happens to nutrients in each part of the tract.

a. List the organs that secrete digestive enzymes in mammals and state the types of substrates secreted.

b. Describe the digestive variations of herbivorous and carnivorous mammals and birds.

c. List the function of the mammalian liver and explain the importance of this organism.

c. Describe the tracheal breathing mechanism of insects

d. Compare and contrast lungs and gills with respect to structure and function.

e. Explain how the countercurrent exchange mechanism works in the gills of fish.

a. Describe the differences between an open and closed circulatory system.

b. Compare and contrast the double circulatory system of birds and mammals and that of fishes.

c. Describe the structure and state the main functions of the arteries, veins and capillaries.

a. Describe the basic structure and function of neurons

b. Define the sodium-potassium ion pump and membrane potential

c. Draw and explain a graphical illustration of potential changes during a neuronal action potential

d. Describe a myelin sheath and explain its function

e. Draw a model of a synapse and explain its function in impulse transmission

f. Explain the difference between an inhibitory and an excitatory impulse.

g. Define the terms cephalization, ganglion, nucleus, brain and spinal cord.

b. Draw and label a simple reflex arc and describe how it functions.

a. List the major cranial and spinal nerves and how they are integrated.

b. Outline the major structural and functional differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

c. Describe the pattern of autonomic innervation for each of the major viscera and the difference in sympathetic vs, parasympathetic stimulus.

a. Describe the structure and function of the taste and smell senses.

b. Describe the structure and function of the ear.

c. Describe the structure and function of the eye.

d. List the major types of muscle and how each one is capable of contraction.

e. Describe how muscles are organized to permit movement of the body.

a. Define the terms hormone and endocrine gland.

b. Describe some of the chemical characteristics of hormones.

c. List the major endocrine glands in the human, their hormones and their function.

d. Describe the major mechanisms by which hormones act on target cells.

a. Compare and contrast the process of asexual vs. sexual reproduction.

b. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of external and internal fertilization, and internal and external development

c. List the organs in the human male and female reproductive systems and give their functions.

b. Describe how fertilization occurs in the human.

c. Describe and contrast the various contraceptive devices that are available.

a. Define the terms population dispersion, carrying capacity, exponential population growth and logistic population growth.

b. Describe and contrast density dependent vs. density independent factors influencing population growth.

c. Describe the 2 reproductive strategies used by organisms for survival.

d. Discuss the dynamics of the human population explosion and the factors that impact on it.

a. Describe the life cycle of Plasmodium vivax and how it demonstrates adaptation and counter-adaptation.

b. Describe the interaction of predator and prey and how each is interdependent on the other for survival.

c. Describe and contrast mutualism, commensalism and parasitism.

d. Describe what is meant by the term 'keystone species'.

e. Define what is meant by the term 'niche' and the role it plays in species survival.

a. Describe each of the major biomes and the types of communities found there.

b. Describe the major weather patterns in the atmosphere and how they establish climate.

c. List and describe the different stages of forest succession

b. List and give an example of each of the levels of the food web.

a. Explain the carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and nutrient cycles and their significance.