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Fallacy
- an incorrect argument
an
argument which violates one of the rules for correct reasoning.
- an
argument which no reasonable person should be convinced to accept.
To
Commit a Fallacy - to accept an argument which contains a fallacy or
to accept fallacious reasoning.
To Be
Guilty of a Fallacy - to deliberately use a fallacious argument in
order to persuade or convince someone.
Note:
Fallacious arguments may have conclusions which are true but their
fault lies in the pattern of reasoning used to lead to or support
that conclusion.
VIDEOS on Fallacies
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CtofTCXcYI 3 minutes
A
complete list of logical fallacies in 23:38 - master list
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BA7dmzQV-Vg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qf03U04rqGQ 31 in 8minutes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IawIjqOJBU8 10 top in 7
minutes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4QepFGJj74o 14 in 14
minutes
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Website on fallacies with examples Partial
List of Fallacies
and
another is here
https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/
Accent:
ambiguity arising from special stress of words in a
sentence, misquoting, taking out of context,
emphasizing or shifting.
e.g., I
didn't steal the book.
Accident:
application of a generalization to a case that it
is
not intended to cover. Also known as
Sweeping
Generalization.
e.g.,
Taking what is not yours is wrong.
Ad Hominem:
See
Argumentum ad hominem.
https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/ad-hominem
e.g.,
A makes a claim x, B asserts that A holds a
property that is unwelcome, and hence B concludes that argument x
is wrong
Affirming the Consequent
(formal fallacy): argument of the form:
-
If p
then q
-
q
-
therefore p
All-or-Nothing fallacy;
see black-white fallacy.
Ambiguity,
fallacies of: fallacies depending on shifts in sense within an
argument; includes
accent,
amphiboly,
and
equivocation.
https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/ambiguity
Amphiboly:
Ambiguity of grammatical or syntactical
construction.
Ambiguity – the quality of being open to more than one
interpretation; inexactness. using a double meaning or ambiguity of
language to mislead or misrepresent the truth.
https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/ambiguity
Amphiboly- An amphiboly occurs when the construction of a sentence
allows it to have two different meanings.
i.
semantical- Claims suffer from semantic ambiguity when they contain
a word (or words) with multiple meanings “"We saw her duck”
ii.
syntactical-“There was nothing in the safe” Eric Trump 8-10-22
“The chicken is ready to eat”.
Argumentum
(Argument appealing to emotions)
https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/appeal-to-emotion
ad bacullum:
See Force, appeal to.
ad metum;
(fear) scare tactic, see consequences
ad consequentiam:
see~conseguences,
appeal to.
e.g.,
It can't be true that Mr X is guilty of embezzlement because if it
was he would not be the fine family man and good person we all know
him to be.
ad hominem:
argument attacking the arguer rather than the arguments; includes
the following special
cases.
1.
Ad hominem abusive:
argument that an opponent's view is incorrect because of some
personal defect of the opponent.
https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/ad-hominem
2.
Ad hominem circumstantial:
attack on a claim on the ground
that
the opponent is prejudiced in the question because of his special
circumstances.
3.
Tu quoque:
defense of a claim on the basis that your opponent has himself made
the claim or acted in accord with it or could not do any better.
https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/tu-quoque
4.
Psychological Attack: critique
of argument based upon critique of motives of arguer
(psychoanalyzing)
ad ignorantium:
see Ignorance appeal to.
ad misericordiam:
see `Pity, appeal to.
ad populum:
see "Gallery, appeal to the: also ~appeal to the people the mob(
bandwagon)
ad captandum Vulgus:
appeal to popular prejudices
ad
naturum: appeal to nature, because something is 'natural' it is
therefore valid, justified, inevitable, good or ideal.
https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/appeal-to-nature
ad superbiam:
appeal to pride
ad verecundiam:
see Authority, appeal to
e.g.,
Climate change must be
false because my councilman said so.
ad
personal incredulity:
appeal to complexity, because something is difficult to understand,
or are unaware of how it works, it's probably not true.
https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/personal-incredulity
ad
origin:
genetic to judge something as either good or bad on the basis of
where it comes from, or from whom it came
https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/genetic
anecdotal: to use a personal experience or an isolated example
instead of a sound argument or compelling evidence
https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/anecdotal
Assumption of an irreversible order:
confusing correlation with a
cause.
e.g., action
award which must go first?
Authority, appeal to:
argument from the fact that a purported authority supports a claim
to the truth of the claim.
https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/appeal-to-authority
Bandwagon appeal:
argument that a view X is correct because everybody thinks so or
that doing X is right because everybody does' it ( sometimes
included under appeal to the gallery).
https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/bandwagon
Beard,
the; argument from difficulty in making a distinction precise in all
cases to the impossibility of applying the distinction in any case.
https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/slippery-slope
Begging the Question:
argument that assumes what is to be proved; using a premise whose
acceptability presupposes the acceptability of the conclusion;
circularity in an argument that is hidden by verbiage.
https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/begging-the-question
Big Lie,
fallacy of the : argument from a statement's having been repeatedly
asserted to the conclusion that there must be some truth in the
statement, or from a statement that at first appears so obviously
false yet the arguer not irrational to the conclusion that there
must be some truth to the statement. e.g., Nazi Propaganda re
Jewish People, 2020 Presidential election in USA
Black and White fallacy:
argument that assumes that alternatives are exhaustive when they are
not.
https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/black-or-white
Burden of Proof:
The inability, or disinclination, to disprove a claim
does not render that claim valid, nor give it any credence
whatsoever or
the burden of proof lies not with the person making the claim, but
with someone else to disprove.
https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/burden-of-proof
Circular Argument:
(special cases of begging the question):
argument of the pattern: A because of B of C because of ....because
of A.
Complex Question:
use of a question that imposes a presupposition onto any answer.
https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/loaded-question
Composition:
argument based on the assumption that what is true of the part must
be true of the whole.
https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/composition-division
Confusing Necessary with Sufficient Conditions
Consequences:
argument based on the assumption that a view should be accepted (or
rejected) because it will lead to
good
(or bad) consequences.
Continuum,
Fallacy of: See Beard, fallacy of the.
Converse Accident:
attempt to refute an unqualified generalization by means of
exceptional cases.
also
known as
Hasty Generalization
based upon too few and exceptional cases.
Denying the Antecedent
(formal fallacy): argument of the form if
Dicto Siinpliciter
( a dicto simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid): See
accident.
Diversionary Tactics:
attacking or supporting a view by shifting the point in question to
a different but psychologically associated one (see Irrelevant
conclusion),. attempt to evade the main question by attacking minor
points in an opponent's arguments or by restoring to ridicule or
irrelevant humor.
Division:
argument based on the assumption that what is true of the whole must
be true of the parts.
https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/composition-division
Doubtable Statement:
To accept statements at face value which should be doubted given
background information.
Equivocation:
use' of a term in more than one sense; a fallacy of equivocation
results when the shift in sense
affects the relationship between the premises and the conclusion.
Ambiguity of semantical construction.
Exaggeration
or
Absurd Extension:
see
Strawman(Strawperson)
fallacy.
False Alternative~:
assuming that alternatives are contradictories when they are only
contraries. (see Black-White fallacy).
False Analogy:
an argument from similarities in which the similarities either do
not actually hold or are
not relevant to the conclusion in question. overlooking important
dissimilarities.
False Cause:
inference that A causes B on the basis of inadequate evidence. Also
known as post hoc,
assuming the cause, & questionable cause https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/false-cause
False Dilemma:
special case of false alternatives in which the disjunctive premise
of the dilemma is
false. non-exhaustive alternatives.
Force, Appeal to:
attempt to persuade by threats or force.
Four Terms Fallacy:
equivocation with regard to one of the terms in a syllogism;
Gallery,
appeal to the: argument appealing to popular prejudices.
Gambler's
fallacy (Monte Carlo Fallacy); argument that an event that has
occurred less frequently than expected in the recent past is more
probable in the near future, or argument that proceeds based upon
the mistaken assumption that events which are independent become
dependent.
https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/the-gamblers-fallacy
Genetic
fallacy: argument in which a claim is accepted or rejected on the
basis of its source; argument that projects characteristics of
origins onto things developing from those origins.
Generalization:
generalizing from insufficient or unrepresentative cases. Also known
as
converse accident
Hypothesis Contrary to Fact:
argument of the patterns if P was in fact related to Q. then if P
had not occurred, Q could not have occurred.
If event X did happen, then event Y would have happened (based
only on speculation).
If you took that course on CD player repair right out of high
school, you would be doing well and gainfully employed right now.
Ignorance, Appeal to:
argument from the lack of a proof that P is false to the conclusion
that P must be true or from a lack of proof that P is true to the
conclusion that P must be false.
Ignora:
See Irrelevant conclusion. AKA - "Red Herring"
Ignoratio Elenchi: (Irrelevant Conclusion); see also Straw
Man; Red Herring; Non Sequitur-- any incorrect argument which
reaches an evidentially irrelevant conclusion.
Impromptu Definition:
See
Persuasive definition.
Inconsistent Assumptions:
use of premises that in conjunction form a contradiction; use of a
self-defeating principle that is as damaging to one's own view as to
one's opponent.
invincible ignorance fallacy:
also
known as argument by pigheadedness, is a deductive fallacy of
circularity where the person in question simply refuses to believe
the argument, ignoring any evidence given.
Irrelevant Conclusion:
misdirect argument; use of premises that provide support for one
conclusion to provide support for a different but psychologically
associated conclusion. AKA -
Ignoratio Elenchi,
"Red
Herring"
Jumping to a conclusion:
See
Hasty Generalization,
Converse Accident.
Loaded Question:
see
complex question:
https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/loaded-question
Logic Chopping:
Irrelevant overprecision
on a point of logic. (see
Diversionary tactics)
middle ground: arguer claims that a compromise, or middle
point, between two extremes must be the truth
https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/middle-ground
Misuse of contradictory Alternatives:
assuming that no two alternatives are exhaustive, not even
contradictory ones.
Mob, Appeal to
the:
See
Gallery,
appeal to the.
Name Calling:
attempt to discredit persons holding a view by using abusive
language. For example, *Are you going to listen to that effect
bleeding heart liberal?"
Negative Proof,
fallacy of: special case of
ignorance,
appeal to.
Non Sequitur
(it does not follow): general term for arguments in which the
premises, even if true, give no adequate evidence for the
conclusion.
Persuasive Definition:
Attempt to prejudice the case for or against a view by appealing to
a biased definition of one of the basic concepts involved.
Petito Principii:
see
begging the question.
Pity, Appeal to:
argument that a conclusion should be accepted because its acceptance
would relieve someone's
misery.
Poisoning the Well:
attempt: to discredit an opponent's' source of evidence (See
Ad hominem)
Post Hoc
(post hoc ergo
propter hoc):
after this on account of this. See
False cause.
Presumptive Proof;
see
Ignorance, appeal to.
Provincialism:
to accept or reject a statement or argument because one identifies
with a particular group.
Question Begging Epithet:
loaded phrase such as "stodgy conservative "or "bleeding heart"
liberal" (see Name calling)
Secundum Quid:
See
accident
Slanting:
Argument based on a biased selection of the available evidence;
suppression of evidence that is favorable (or unfavorable) to a
view).
Slippery Slope:
see
Beard, fallacy of the
https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/slippery-slope
Slogans,
appeal to: appeal to catchy phrases in place of giving reasons.
Special Pleading:
appeal to some assumption in attacking an opponents view and then
ignoring the consequences that assumption might have for your own
view (special case of inconsistency).
https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/special-pleading
Statistical Fallacies
Strawperson fallacy:
arguing against a view by attacking an exaggerated or absurd
extension of the view. "A special case of irrelevant conclusion.
Attacking a misstated form of an argument. a deliberately weakened
form.
https://yourlogicalfallacyis.com/strawman
Tuo quoque:
See
Ad hominem.
Two Wrong Make A Right:
Answering a charge of wrongdoing, not by showing that no wring was
done, but rather by claiming others do it too.
Unqualified Generalization:
See
Accident.
Sweeping Generalization:
See
Accident.
Fallacies
A fallacy is a kind of error in reasoning. The
list of fallacies
found here Partial List of
Fallacies contains 231 names of the most common fallacies, and
it provides brief explanations and examples of each of them.
Fallacious arguments should not be persuasive, but they too often
are. Fallacies may be created unintentionally, or they may be
created intentionally in order to deceive other people. -Internet
Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Analyzing Trump: 15 Logical Fallacies in 3 Minutes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w2CxDu7jiyE
LOGIC: The logical fallacies of Donald Trump -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kdnYsh2hP7Q |